The most common Korean word for “catch” is 걸리다 (geollida). There is one more word with a similar meaning — compare them below. 「catch」는 한국어로 걸리다.
to catch (cold); to take time
TOPIK 1 · verb
Words and levels: TOPIK I essentials (National Institute of Korean Language standard curriculum, KOGL Type 1) · examples: Cheesepotato